TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE: DIGITAL PRINTING      WHAT IS DIGITAL PRINTING ?       Now a days printing methods such as digital and ink-jet printing are know...

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE DYEING

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE DYEING: SELF SHADE OF DISPERSE DYE ON POLYESTER FABRIC BY CARRIER METHOD     Recipe :     Concentration of dispersing agent              2...

TEXTILE BLOG: HANK DYEING MACHINE

TEXTILE BLOG: HANK DYEING MACHINE:         Hank dyeing consists of immersing large, loosely wound hanks of yarn into dye vats that are especially designed for this purpose ...

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE WET PROCESSING

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE WET PROCESSING: DIFFERENT TYPES FASTNESS PROPERTIES       Different types of washing fastness properties in textile wet processing. Here we shown some f...

TEXTILE BLOG: HANK DYEING MACHINE

TEXTILE BLOG: HANK DYEING MACHINE:         Hank dyeing consists of immersing large, loosely wound hanks of yarn into dye vats that are especially designed for this purpose ...

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE CHEMICAL

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE CHEMICAL: HOW TO FIND PERCENTAGE PURITY OF SODA ASH   Chemical Formula      Na2Co3   Molecular weight         106 gram per mole   Equivalent...

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE DYEING

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE DYEING: SELF SHADE OF DISPERSE DYE ON POLYESTER FABRIC BY CARRIER METHOD     Recipe :     Concentration of dispersing agent              2...

TEXTILE CHEMICAL

HOW TO FIND PERCENTAGE PURITY OF SODA ASH

  Chemical Formula      Na2Co3

  Molecular weight         106 gram per mole

  Equivalent weight         53 gram per mole

  Form                              solid

  Smell                             Non particular

  Solubility                       Good

       Soda ash is a mild alkali. It is used in scouring, bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing to maintain pH on the basic side. i.e. It is very easily soluble in water.

   Method of Percentage Purity :

        About 1 to 2 grams  of soda ash is dissolved in 250 ml distilled water in a measuring flask and 10 ml of soda ash solution is tit rated against 0.1 N standard solution hydro chloric acid solution using methyl orange as an indicator in this method. End point is yellow to orange red.

   Chemical Reaction :

  Na2co3 +  2HCL  ------------------------->     2Nacl   +     H2O +   Co2

 Soda ash    Hydro      Neutralization          Sodium       water   Carbon

                 chloric                                     Chloride                 Dioxide

                   acid

   Formula :

 Percentage purity     Equivalent weight of soda ash X N of HCL X B.R          250

          of                =  -------------------------------------------------------------- X ----- X 100

     Soda ash              1000 X Weight of Soda ash dissolved in 250 ml             10

       N = Normality

      B.R = Burette Reading

                                                                   -------------------%

HANK DYEING MACHINE

   
    Hank dyeing consists of immersing large, loosely wound hanks of yarn into dye vats that are especially designed for this purpose soft, lofty yarns, such as hand knitted yarns are usually skein dyed.

 Roller Hank Dyeing Machine

   These machines are based on Hussong type of hank dyeing machines in design. These machines are very simple in design and operation.

   In the basic design of machine there is rectangular stainless steel tank with proper heating mechanism and have a false bottom above the heating coil.

   The tank is fitted with a temperature indicator and control sensor. There is an array of stainless steel rollers which are fitted on a suitable frame. The rollers can rotate in clock wise or anti clock wise directions with gear arrangement. The machine is fitted with stop/start system to control the roller movement. The hanks loaded on rollers can be lowered in the tank or lifted out by lifting or lowering the frame with the help of hydraulic system.

   Working of the machine :

    The hanks to be dyed are loaded onto the rollers bars by avoiding overlapping of hank, in lifted position. The dye bath is kept ready with proper liquor level and mixed homogeneously, preferably with an external circulation pump. The hanks are lowered into the dye bath and movement is started approximately 40-50% part of the hank remain the liquor and rest is exposed to atmosphere.

    The material is lifted up for addition of colors, chemicals, slat, alkali etc or for raising the temperature of dye bath. In case of in direct heating the dye bath temperature may be increased at set rate of heating, but in case of direct heating the temperature rise is step by step. The sample may be drawn at the completion of dye cycle and checked for shade, without stopping the machine. All operations can be done in the same machine.

   Advantages :

• It is simple in design and operation.
• Cost of the machine is not very high.
• All types of yarns can be processed such as cotton,mercerized cotton, viscose filament or even silk can be processed.

    Disadvantages :

• Only limited automation is possible
• Only 40-50% of yarn takes part in dyeing and rest is exposed to atmosphere, therefore hydro sulfite consumption is high in these machines.
• The liquor ratio increases with heating in case of direct injection of steam.

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE MANUFACTURING

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE MANUFACTURING:  PROTEIN FIBERS   Animal hair consists of complex properties. The hair of sheep and goats is particularly important for textiles, wool...

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE WET PROCESSING

TEXTILE BLOG: TEXTILE WET PROCESSING: HOW TO EVALUATE THE EFFICIENCY OF LEVELING AGENT AS A TEXTILE AUXILIARY IN THE DYEING OF POLYESTER FABRIC WITH DISPERSE DYE     Recipe...

TEXTILE MANUFACTURING

 PROTEIN FIBERS

  Animal hair consists of complex properties. The hair of sheep and goats is particularly important for textiles, wool is by fat, the major animal fiber in quantity, but cashmere and mohair are significant for their market value. This class of fibers also includes the fine double filament secreted by the silk worm. The entire range of protein fibers accounts for only about 6% of word fiber consumption, and the proportion is even less in many developed countries where synthetic fibers are readily available. Quality wool, fibers such as cashmere and particularly silk, however, denote luxury and are priced accordingly.

  Proteins are complex polyamides, also called polypeptides, produced by the biological poly condensation of a mixture of a specific type of amino acid with a variable side - group. The amino acid composition and the sequences of the amino acid units along the polymer chain, characterize the structure of protein molecule. Protein molecules, however can adopt a variety of elaborate lying side by side, or cord-like arrangements of individual helical molecules wound around each other. In globular proteins, such as enzymes, the protein molecules adopt even more complex, but characteristic, configurations. In living tissue, proteins are frequently associated with other types of bio molecules in complex cellular structures. It is only in fairly recent times that the detailed morphology of wool fibers, and the way in which influences the dyeing process, has become clearer. 

TEXTILE MANUFACTURING

SYNTHETIC FIBERS

      In this blog about the synthetic fibers. Synthetic fibers are produced from simple organic chemicals, obtained mainly from petroleum. They are thus distinct from natural fibers and those made from regenerated natural polymers such as, cellulose. In particular the dyeing of synthetic fibers is quite different from that of natural fibers and the progress of each synthetic fiber has involved new dyeing technologies.

     The major polymers used for synthetic fibers are poly-amides, polyesters and poly acrylonitrile. The first two are products of poly condensation reactions and the latter of radical addition polymerization. Synthetic fibers have many excellent textile properties and comprise over 40% of all fibers consumed. Every type is available in a wide variety of modifications to suit market requirements. These includes mono or multi filaments or staple fiber of any denier or length and with a variety of different physical and chemical properties. Advantages of synthetic fibers is the relative ease with which physical and chemical modifications are possible. The favorable economics of the mass production of nylon, polyester and acrylic fibers are the result of solving many technical problems their production and use. The introduction of new types of synthetic fiber in the foreseeable future is often considered unlikely, but such pessimism may not be warranted.

 

     All synthetic fibers are produced by extrusion of continuous filaments, either of the molten polymer or of it is solution in a solvent, through tiny holes in a metal plate. This is called a spinneret. Extrusion of polymer filaments is called spinning but must be distinguished from the spinning of yarns of staple fibers by drawing an twisting. In melt spinning, the solid polymer filaments are obtained by rapidly cooling the extruded molten poly met, where as in solution spinning they remain after evaporation of the solvent, or coagulation in a bath of suitable chemicals.

TEXTILE CHEMICAL

HOW TO FIND PERCENTAGE PURITY OF ACETIC ACID

   Chemical formula                         CH3COOH

   Molecular weight                          60 gm/mole

   Equivalent weight                         60 gm/mole

   Form                                             Liquid

   Smell                                            Pungent

   Solubility                                      Good

    Acetic acid is a volatile organic acid. it is used in wet processing i.e. bleaching, dyeing and printing and finishing to maintain the pH on the acidic side i.e. - 7.

  Method to find our percentage purity :

    About 1 -2 gm of acetic acid is dissolved in 250 ml of distilled water in a measuring flask and 10 ml of this solution is tit rated against 0.1 N standard NaoH solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. In this method end point is colorless to pink.

   Chemical  Reaction :

    CH3COOH         +     NaoH    ------------------------------>  CH3COONa     +  H2O

   Acetic acid             Sodium           Neutralization        Sodium acetate     water 

                               Hydroxide 

    Formula :

   Percentage     E.Q of CH3COOH x N. of NaOH x B.R           250    

   purity of    =  ------------------------------------------------- x   -----   x 100

   acetic acid      1000 x weight of  acetic acid dissolved in    10

                                                         250 ml

            E.Q = Equivalent weight

            N     = Normality

            B.R = Burette reading

                                                 

                                                                  -------------% 

TEXTILE DYEING

SELF SHADE OF DISPERSE DYE ON POLYESTER FABRIC BY CARRIER METHOD

    Recipe :

    Concentration of dispersing agent              2 gram per liter

    Concentration of carrier                             4 gram per liter

    Concentration of leveling agent                 1 gram per liter

    Concentration of hexameta phosphate       2 gram per liter

    pH of dyeing                                               5.0 to 5.5

    Temperature of dyeing                                98*c

    Time of dyeing                                            60 minutes

   

   Procedure :

   Preparation of disperse dye solution :

   First weigh accurately 1.0 gm of disperse dye powder on a watch glass or on a glazed paper and transfer it to a porcelain dye pot. Then add 2.0 ml dispersing agent and stir it well to make a homogeneous paste. Then add 97 ml of hot water with constant stirring to make total volume 100 ml.

   Dyeing Process :

  First take required ml of water in a dye pot according to M:L.R at room temperature. Then add 2 gram per liter dispersing agent, 1 gram per liter leveling agent, 2 gram per liter sodium hexameta phosphate and 4 gram per liter carrier. Then raise the temperature of the bath to 50*c and stir it well.

  Enter well scoured polyester fabric in the above bath and work at this level for 10 minutes. Then add 2.0% disperse dye dispersion and 1 ml/liter acetic acid to get pH between 5.0 to 5.5 and work at this level for 5 minutes. Then slowly raise the temperature of the dye bath to boil with in 40 minutes and continue dyeing at this level for 60 minutes. After completion of dyeing time take out the dyed material and give reduction clearing treatment.

  Reduction Clearing Treatment :

   First take required ml of water in a dye pot according to M:L.R at 80*c and add 2.0 gram per liter caustic soda, 2.0 gram per liter sodium hydro sulfite and 1 gram per liter non ionic detergent stir it well and enter the dyed material in the bath and work at this level for 15 minutes. Then rinse with cold water and then give neutralization treatment.

  Neutralization Treatment :

   Give neutralization treatment with 1 gram pr liter acetic acid squeeze and dry the dyed sample.

  Conclusion :

   At the end of process disperse dye is produced bright shade on polyester fabric. The disperse dye have good fastness or affinity for polyester fabric. we get good result on polyester fabric dyeing with disperse dye.

TEXTILE CHEMICAL

HOW TO FIND PERCENTAGE PURITY OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCL)

   Chemical formula         HCL

   Molecular weight          36.5

   Equivalent weight         36.5

   Smell                            Strong with fumes

   Solubility                       Easily soluble in water

   Color                             Color less liquid 

      

     HCL is mainly used for maintaining pH acidic side in textile wet processing. It is also used for diazotisation of fast base for dyeing of azoic colors on cellulosic fiber and fabrics.

    Commercial purity HCL has 37 to 40% purity.

  FIND OUT PERCENTAGE PURITY :

     First weight about 3.0 ml of concentrated HCL in clean and dry weighing bottle with proper care. Then it is transfered to 250 ml measuring flask. Then make total volume 250 ml with distilled water. Now take 10 ml of prepared HCL solution with the help of pipette in conical flask and add 2 - 3 drops of phenolphthalein as an indicator. Now solution remains colorless. Then titrate this solution against 0.1 N NaOH till light pink color is obtained.

  CHEMICAL REACTION :

    HCL       +     NaOH                        ----------------------->  Nacl    +    H2O

   Hydrochloric  Sodium hydroxide         Neutralization       Sodium       Water

        acid                                                                         Chloride

  FORMULA :

  Percentage purity 

   of HCL          =     Equivalent weight of HCL x N. of NaoH x B.R             250

                                ----------------------------------------------------------  x  ----- x 100 

                                 1000 x weight of HCL dissolved in 250 ml                10

              N = Normality of  Sodium hydroxide solution

              B.R = Burete  reading

TEXTILE WET PROCESSING

DIFFERENT TYPES FASTNESS PROPERTIES

      Different types of washing fastness properties in textile wet processing. Here we shown some fastness properties as follow.

    1) Washing Fastness

    2)  Rubbing Fastness

    3) Light Fastness

    4) Perspiration Fastness

    5) Sublimation Fastness

 

    1) Washing Fastness properties :

   

         Evaluation of color fastness properties of dyed or printed material is very important. Fastness against washing of dyed or printed material is known as washing fastness. Most of the textile materials are washed. Cotton material are given severe washing while other materials are given mild washing. There are 5 methods are used for evaluating fastness to washing as per ISO. Particular conditions and amount of chemicals for different test methods for washing fastness. 

    2) Rubbing Fastness properties :

        Fastness of textile dyed or printed material against rubbing or friction is known as fastness to rubbing. Two types of rubbing fastness of textile material are evaluated.

      1) Dry rubbing fastness

      2) Wet rubbing fastness

       

       Rubbing fastness is more important for pigment printed fabric. Azo color have poor rubbing fastness compact to other dyes and therefor rubbing fastness test is very important in case of azo color.

    3) Light Fastness properties :

         Majority dyed textile materials are exposed to light and therefor dye stuff  used will not fade when expose to sunlight. Basic dyes have poor light fastness while acid and azoic colors have very good light fastness properties. Vat and reactive dyes have also good resistance power against light and stay un-affected. The fastness of any dye stuff to light can be determine by exposing dyed samples to sunlight or specific light source for definite time . Light fastness of any dye stuff is rated in 1 to 8 scale. For this purpose blue wool standards fabric having known light fastness properties are use.

     4) Perspiration Fastness properties :

         Color fastness of dyed sample against human perspiration is known as fastness to perspiration. Human perspiration is of two types

         1) Acidic   2) Basic (Alkaline)

         Therefor acidic and alkaline liquor is use for evaluation of perspiration fastness of dyed sample. Dyed sample cut and after test of perspiration fastness properties.

     5) Sublimation Fastness properties :

         It is used for evaluation of fastness to sublimation of dyed material and known as sublimation fastness properties. In sublimation fastness properties when dye sublime them checked in sublimation process.

TEXTILE WET PROCESSING

HOW TO EVALUATE THE EFFICIENCY OF LEVELING AGENT AS A TEXTILE AUXILIARY IN THE DYEING OF POLYESTER FABRIC WITH DISPERSE DYE

    Recipe :

  

                                                                 DYE BATH -1                   DYE BATH - 2

    Percent shade                                          2.0%                                      2.0%

    Concentration of carrier                         5.0 gram per liter                 5.0 gram per liter

    Temperature of dyeing                           90*C                                      90*C

     Time of dyeing                                      45 minutes                             45 minutes

    pH of dyeing                                           5.5 to 6.0                                5.5 to 6.0

    Leveling agent                                        NIL                                       2 gram per liter

     Procedure :

     Preparation of Disperse Dye solution :

     First weigh accurately 1.0 gm of disperse dye powder on a watch glass or on a glazed paper and transfer it into porcelain dye pot. Then add 2.0 ml of dispersing agent and stir it well to make a homogeneous paste. Then add 97 ml of hot water with constant stirring to make total volume 100 ml.

     Dyeing Process :

     First prepare two dye baths according to M:L.R at 50*c as  dispersing agent 1 gram per liter, carrier 5 gram per liter, acetic acid 1 gram per liter , disperse dye 2.0% and leveling agent 2 gram per liter only in one bath no in other bath.

      Enter well scoured polyester fabric in the above two dye baths 1 and 2 at 50*c and work at this level for 10 minutes. Then slowly raise the temperature of both the dye baths 1 and 2 to boil with in 45 minutes. After completion of dyeing time take out the dyed material and give R.C Treatment.

    Reduction clearing treatment :

     First take required ml of water in a dye pot according to M:l.R at room temperature then add 2 gram per liter caustic soda, 2 gram per liter sodium hydro sulfite and 1 gram per liter non ionic detergent. Then enter the dyed material above bath and raise temperature 80*c and work at this level for 15 minutes. Then neutralize with 1 gram per liter acetic acid squeeze and dry the fabric. Finally compare the dyeing if both samples 1 and 2.  

     Conclusion :

      After practical it can be concluded that treated with out leveling agent sample light shade and uneven dyeing but treated with leveling agent sample dark shade produced.

    

TEXTILE

DIGITAL PRINTING

     WHAT IS DIGITAL PRINTING ?

      Now a days printing methods such as digital and ink-jet printing are known as DIGITAL PRINTING. In digital printing, an image is sent directly to the printer using files as PDFs and those graphics software like illustrator and other.

    WORK DIGITAL PRINTING MACHINE :

       Digital printing takes a different approach assembling each image from a complex set numbers and mathematical formulas. One of the most important advantages that digital printing offers is a quicker response time due to it is minimal press set up and it is built in multi color registration system. Now a days rapidly growth in digital printing sector in digital printing an image you put in machine and which design in image same design you get on the fabric. For digital printing Acid ink, Reactive ink available and Nylon and Cotton fabric print by digital printing machine.

      Another advantage of digital printing is the ability of offer variable printing this means that each printed piece can have different information personalisation and  customization unmatched by analogue processes.

     ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL PRINTING MACHINE :

      1) Time saving

           In digital printing machine time more saving than other printing machine.

      2) Photo/Image

           Photo realistic images are easily achievable.

      

      3) Fastness 

           Dye/fabric combination with finishing provide excellent color/light fastness.

       4) Investment

            Low investment required.

        5) More variety

             More designs, images, graphics and unlimited variety of colors can be printed with this machine.

        6) Environment friendly

             Digital printing involves very low power and water consumption as compared to conventional printing. 

TEXTILE DYES

IDENTIFICATION DYES ON FIBER

    1) DIRECT DYE :

        

        Take the dyed sample and add ethylene di amine and shake for sometimes then ass white cotton sample and give the heat treatment at 80*c temperature during heating add sodium chloride and then allowed.

        It gives white cotton stain evenly which indicates the present of direct dye.

    2) VAT DYE :

        Take the dyed sample and treat with sodium sulphoxylate formaldihyde in the present of sodium hydroxide solution at boil temperature. A change in color is observed.

        Also when dyed sample treated with ethylene di amine and glucose the color is removed completely at boil temperature.

    3) SULFUR DYE :

        Take the specimen boil with stannus chloride solution in a test tube or glass beaker now cover the mouth of the test tube or beaker with filter paper. In few minutes brown stains on filter paper observe which indicates the present of sulfur dye.

    4) REACTIVE DYE :

         Take the specimen and treated with pyridine solution at room temperature with stirring most of the dye removed from the sample indicates the present of reactive dye.

    5) ACID DYE :

        Take the dyed sample and add strong hydro and shake sometimes and add another acetic acid and then wool white sample and cotton white sample and give the heat treatment at 80*c temperature during heating sodium chloride and then allowed. It gives wool white stain evenly which indicates the present of acid dye.